指令 file 可查看 /etc/magic 來確定檔案或檔案清單的類型。
tester@linux:~> file /usr/bin/file
/usr/bin/file: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), \
for GNU/Linux 2.2.5, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped
參數 -f list 會使用檔案名稱清單來指定要檢驗的檔案。-z 可讓 file 查看壓縮檔案內部:
tester@linux:~> file /usr/share/man/man1/file.1.gz
usr/share/man/man1/file.1.gz: gzip compressed data, from Unix, max compression
tester@linux:~> file -z /usr/share/man/man1/file.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/file.1.gz: ASCII troff or preprocessor input text \
(gzip compressed data, from Unix, max compression)
指令 mount 會顯示哪個檔案系統 (設備和類型) 已裝載於哪個裝載點:
tester@linux:~> mount /dev/hda3 on / type reiserfs (rw,acl,user_xattr) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) udev on /dev type tmpfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5) /dev/hda1 on /boot type ext2 (rw,acl,user_xattr) /dev/hda4 on /local type reiserfs (rw,acl,user_xattr) /dev/fd0 on /media/floppy type subfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noatime,fs=floppyfss,p
使用指令 df 來取得檔案系統總使用量的資訊。參數 -h (或 --human-readable) 可將輸出轉換為一般使用者容易了解的形式。
tester@linux:~> df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/hda3 11G 3.2G 6.9G 32% / udev 252M 104K 252M 1% /dev /dev/hda1 16M 6.6M 7.8M 46% /boot /dev/hda4 27G 34M 27G 1% /local
使用指令 du,可以顯示指定目錄及其子目錄下所有檔案的大小。參數 -s 可以不顯示輸出的詳細資訊。-h 會再次將資料轉換成人類可判讀的格式:
tester@linux:~> du -sh /local 1.7M /local
使用 readelf 公用程式來讀取二進位檔的內容。這個公用程式甚至可以搭配為其他硬體架構所建的 ELF 檔案使用。
tester@linux:~> readelf --file-header /bin/ls ELF Header: Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Class: ELF32 Data: 2's complement, little endian Version: 1 (current) OS/ABI: UNIX - System V ABI Version: 0 Type: EXEC (Executable file) Machine: Intel 80386 Version: 0x1 Entry point address: 0x8049b60 Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file) Start of section headers: 81112 (bytes into file) Flags: 0x0 Size of this header: 52 (bytes) Size of program headers: 32 (bytes) Number of program headers: 9 Size of section headers: 40 (bytes) Number of section headers: 30 Section header string table index: 29
指令 stat 會顯示檔案內容:
tester@linux:~> stat /etc/profile File: `/etc/profile' Size: 7930 Blocks: 16 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: 303h/771d Inode: 40657 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2006-01-06 16:45:43.000000000 +0100 Modify: 2005-11-21 14:54:35.000000000 +0100 Change: 2005-12-19 09:51:04.000000000 +0100
參數 --filesystem 會產生特定檔案的檔案系統詳細內容:
tester@linux:~> stat /etc/profile --filesystem
File: "/etc/profile"
ID: 0 Namelen: 255 Type: reiserfs
Block size: 4096 Fundamental block size: 4096
Blocks: Total: 2622526 Free: 1809771 Available: 1809771
Inodes: Total: 0 Free: 0