CCC

A popular high-level programming language that is able to manipulate the computer at a low level. Compilers for C are available for nearly all computer platforms. C was developed at Bell Labs and standardized by ANSI and ISO in 1989.

An object-oriented programming language based on C.

Custom 3rd Party Object. An API that allows the developer to add menu and toolbar items to GroupWise that trigger custom applications.

A quickly-accessible area of RAM or a directory or a disk that stores frequently-used information.

Available RAM that NetWare uses to improve NetWare server access time. Cache memory allocates memory for the hash table, the FAT, the Turbo FAT, suballocation tables, the directory cache, a temporary data storage area for files and NLM programs, and available memory for other functions.

CSL. The software module that provides a general-purpose interface for controlling WAN calls. Call control refers to a set of actions taken to establish, maintain, and disconnect a WAN connection.

A routine that runs when a specified event occurs.

To expand a partial or abbreviated NDS name to its canonical form (which includes a fill naming path with a type specification for each naming component). A cononical name is made by adding the name context to the name.

Describes an application or feature that does not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters (for example, DOS).

Describes an application or feature that distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters.

custom device module. The driver component in the NWPA used to drive specific storage devices attached to the host adapter.

compact disk read-only memory. A means of data storage using optical storage technology. A single CD-ROM disk can hold more than 650 megabytes of information, or half a billion characters of text. Unlike floppy disks, CD-ROM disks can be read from but not written to.

CPU. The integrated circuit that processes data in a computer.

In public-key cryptography, a digital document attesting to the binding of a public key to an owner (such as an individual or a Web server). A certificate verifies claims that a given public key does in fact belong to a given individual. It is used to prevent unauthorized users from using phony keys to impersonate legitimate users. Certificates contain, at a minimum, a public key and a name. Normally they also contain the expiration date of the key, the name of the certifying authority that issued the certificate, and the serial number of the certificate. They can also contain the digital signature of the certificate issuer.

Also called "digital certificate," "digital ID," "digital passport," and "public key certificate."

An entity that issues the digital certificates used in public-key cryptography and attests to the identity of the person or organization to whom it issues the digital certificates. For example, a company may issue certificates to its employees, a university to its students, or a town to its citizens. Also called "certification authority" or "certifying authority."

Common Gateway Interface. A standard for how a Web server communicates with external programs. CGI specifies how to pass arguments to the executing program as part of the HTTP request and defines a set of environment variables. Commonly, the program generates some HTML that is passed back to the browser, but it can also request redirection to a different URL.

This interface allows for interactive sites instead of just static text and images.

A path that allows the transmission of electromagnetic signals between a computer and a device; the path can consist of cables and storage devices and can include a host bus adapter.

1. Group of eight binary digits operated on as a unit; in this sense may also be called a byte or octet.

2. Any letter, number or symbol used in a language's system.

3. In computer usage, the letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and symbols found on the standard keyboard. An "extended character" can be displayed and printed but is accessed by using combinations of keystrokes or commands.

An array of zero or more adjacent characters (of type char) followed by a NULL character which marks the end of the string.

The numeric computation that combines the bits of a transmitted message; also the resulting value. The value is transmitted with the message; the receiver recalculates the checksum and compares it to the received value to detect transmission errors.

An algorithm used in encryption. Some ciphers are stronger—that is, more resistant to cracking—than others. During an SSL connection, the client and the server agree to use the strongest cipher that they can both communicate with.

Text that has been encrypted.

1. In NDS, the type of an object in the Directory tree, such as User, Volume, or Group.

2. In object oriented programming, a user-defined data type that defines a collection of objects that share the same characteristics. An object, or class member, is one instance of the class. Concrete classes are instantiated, whereas abstract classes pass on characteristics through inheritance.

Text that has not been encrypted and is readable by text editors and word processors. Also called "plaintext."

C-Library. The dynamically loaded Runtime NetWare C library that provides an interface to the NetWare OS.

An option that specifies runtime parameters for the NetWare API.

It can also be used as a work around when sopen is called multiple times by the same thread. See sopen (NDK: Single and Intra-File Services).

A system or software application that requests services from another application, usually across a network.

Describes software that includes both a component that runs on client workstations and a component that runs on a server.

A data communication model that relies on distributed, intelligent interaction between network servers and individual (client) workstations. The client software requests services from servers. The server software continually accepts requests from and returns responses to clients.

A form of multiprocessing in which a large number (typically tens of thousands) of instructions are executed between synchronization points. See also fine-grained multiprocessing.

In programming, a sequence of commands to a computer or peripheral device to perform a task.

CP. A table that lists the possible combinations for a character set used by a computer. For example, a DOS code page that defines the extended ASCII character set consists of 256 character combinations, using an 8-bit code. Unicode, using a 16-bit code, allows up to 65,536 unique characters. Separate code pages apply to different languages.

Component Object Model. A component software architecture from Microsoft that provides a structure for building objects that can be called up and executed in a Windows environment. The COM architecture includes COM objects, OLE automation, controls (OLE and ActiveX controls), and compound or ActiveX documents.

communications port. A connection device between a computer and another component, such as a printer or modem. A COM port is a serial port, meaning that information is transmitted through it one bit at a time.

A verbal or typed instruction given to a computer system.

A part of memory that saves strings entered from the keyboard. (String oriented functions support this feature.)

The place a user enters a command, such as after a DOS prompt.

CGI. A standard for how a Web server communicates with external programs. CGI specifies how to pass arguments to the executing program as part of the HTTP request and defines a set of environment variables. Commonly, the program generates some HTML that is passed back to the browser, but it can also request redirection to a different URL.

This interface allows for interactive sites instead of just static text and images.

CORBA. The communications component of the OMA, a standard from the Object Management Group (OMG). CORBA provides rules for communication between distributed objects (self-contained software modules), allowing them to be executed anywhere on the network without regard to what language they were written in or what platform they run on. CORBA is often described as a "software bus" or "object bus."

A convention or set of rules used by a program or OS to communicate between two or more endpoints. Although many communication protocols are used, they all allow information to be packaged, sent from a source, and delivered to a destination system. Also known as "transport protocol."

A program that translates source code into machine language object code modules which can then be linked into executable programs.

See COM.

The process of compacting information for more efficient transmission or storage. The information must then be decompressed before it is used.

In symmetric multiprocessing, a synchronization mechanism that is used to communicate information between cooperating threads. Threads sleep (suspend execution) to wait on a condition (or event) variable until a predicate based on shared variables is satisfied. Sleeping threads can then resume execution through the operations of signal or broadcast condition variables.

A unique number assigned to any process, print server, application, workstation, or other entity that attaches to a NetWare server. The number can be different each time an attachment is made. Connection numbers are used in implementing network security and for network accounting. They reflect the object’s place in the server’s connection table. Additionally, they provide an easy way to identify and obtain information about the objects logged in on the network.

A communication method in which packets are sent and received independently of one another, such as in datagram delivery.

The monitor and keyboard where a user views and controls NetWare server or host activity.

An instruction issued at the NetWare server console prompt to control the network server.

A user or member of a group who has been assigned rights to manage the NetWare server.

Short for "container object."

In NDS, an NDS object that can hold, or contain, other objects. Container objects are used to logically group related objects in the Directory tree to provide those objects with rights and services. The three types of container objects are Country, Organization, and Organizational Unit.

The environment of a function or object. For example, NDS functions require context information that describes a location within the Directory tree. CLIB context contains information required by NLM applications, such as current thread.

Help information about the specific choice that the cursor or pointer is on. Context-sensitive help can also be online information in Help that is relevant to what the user is doing within an application. Sometimes pressing F1 is referred to as "context-sensitive help" because the choice of help topic is based on the user’s context.

If the DONT_CHECK_CTRL_CHARS attribute is set, control characters (Ctrl+C, Ctrl+S, and Tab) are not checked for. Ctrl+C terminates an NLM abnormally (via the abort function), and Ctrl+S pauses output (output can be resumed by pressing any key). Tab stops are eight columns apart.

An NDPS printer that has been added to the NDS tree as an NDS object. Access is available only to users who have been granted rights to it.

In NDS, the synchronization process that makes a partition and all of its replicas match after changes in NDS configuration.

Common Object Request Broker Architecture. The communications component of the OMA, a standard from the Object Management Group (OMG). CORBA provides rules for communication between distributed objects (self-contained software modules), allowing them to be executed anywhere on the network without regard to what language they were written in or what platform they run on. CORBA is often described as a "software bus" or "object bus."

A file generated under certain conditions when an error terminates a program. The file is a snapshot of the program state at the moment of termination.

Describes a file or disk that has been rendered unusable by an error in a program.

central processing unit. The integrated circuit that processes data in a computer.

cyclic redundancy check. A sophisticated checksum algorithm used to detect packet transmission errors. The CRC is built into each Ethernet frame as an error checking value to ensure data integrity.

A block of code for a thread that does not permit other code (for other threads) to run concurrently. For example, a section of code might manipulate shared data, requiring exclusive access to that data to prevent data corruption.

The conversion of data into a secret code for transmission over a public network. The original text, or plaintext, is converted into a coded equivalent called ciphertext via an encryption algorithm. The ciphertext is decoded (decrypted) at the receiving end and turned back into plaintext.

call support layer. The software module that provides a general-purpose interface for controlling WAN calls. Call control refers to a set of actions taken to establish, maintain, and disconnect a WAN connection.

CWD. The directory where a user is currently working. This is the directory at the end of the current path (displayed at the DOS prompt if the $p$g command is in force); it is where files are stored if no path is specified; and it is the directory searched first for a requested file.

A symbol (such as a blinking line or block) on the screen that indicates where your next keystroke will appear or have effect. Cursor keys move the cursor around the screen.

The combining of input and output cursors into one cursor.

CDM. The driver component in the NWPA used to drive specific storage devices attached to the host adapter.

current working directory. The directory where a user is currently working. This is the directory at the end of the current path (displayed at the DOS prompt if the $p$g command is in force); it is where files are stored if no path is specified; and it is the directory searched first for a requested file.

CRC. A sophisticated checksum algorithm used to detect packet transmission errors. The CRC is built into each Ethernet frame as an error checking value to ensure data integrity.